2nd row: Ben Franklin Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for · Amelia Earhart Amelia Mary Earhart ; (born July 24, 1897; missing July 2, 1937; declared legally dead January 5, 1939) was a noted American aviation pioneer and author. Earhart was the first woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross, awarded for becoming the first aviatrix to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She set many other records, wrote best- · John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy , often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963 · Elizabeth Kortright Monroe · Samuel Alito Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President George W. Bush and has served on the court since January 31, 2006
3rd row: Evelyn Nesbit · Norman Rockwell Norman Percevel Rockwell was a 20th-century American painter and illustrator. His works enjoy a broad popular appeal in the United States, where Rockwell is most famous for the cover illustrations of everyday life scenarios he created for The Saturday Evening Post magazine over more than four decades. Among the best-known of Rockwell's works are · Susanna Hoffs · Cotton Mather Cotton Mather . A.B. 1678 (Harvard College), A.M. 1681; honorary doctorate 1710 (University of Glasgow), was a socially and politically influential New England Puritan minister, prolific author, and pamphleteer. Cotton Mather is often remembered for his connection to the Salem witch trials. He was the son of influential minister Increase Mather · Danica Patrick
4th row: Robert E. Lee Robert Edward Lee was a career United States Army officer and combat engineer. He became the commanding general of the Confederate army in the American Civil War and a postwar icon of the South's "lost cause." · Greta Garbo Greta Garbo was a Swedish actress during Hollywood's silent film period and part of its Golden Age · Eddie Vedder · Anousheh Ansari Anousheh Ansari is an engineer and the Iranian-American co-founder and chairman of Prodea Systems, Inc and a spaceflight participant with the Russian space program. Her previous business accomplishments include serving as co-founder and CEO of Telecom Technologies, Inc. (TTI). The Ansari family is also the title sponsor of the Ansari X PRIZE. On · Andy Garcia
5th row: Maria Mitchell Maria Salmon Mitchell was born on August 1, 1818, in Nantucket, Massachusetts, and was a first cousin four times removed of Benjamin Franklin. She had nine brothers and sisters. Her parents, William Mitchell and Lydia Coleman Mitchell, were Quakers. Maria Mitchell was born into a community unusual for its time in regard to equality for women. Her · José Francisco Chaves · Mary Higgins Clark Mary Higgins Clark, née Mary Theresa Eleanor Higgins , is an American author of suspense novels. Each of her twenty-four books has been a bestseller in the United States and various European countries, and all of her novels remain in print as of 2007, with her debut suspense novel, Where Are The Children, in its seventy-fifth printing · Dan Marino Daniel Constantine Marino, Jr. (born September 15, 1961 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American Hall of Fame quarterback who played for the Miami Dolphins in the National Football League. The last quarterback of the Quarterback Class of 1983 to be taken in the first round, Marino became one of the most prolific quarterbacks in league history, · Susan B Anthony Susan Brownell Anthony was a prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States. She traveled the United States, and Europe, and gave 75 to 100 speeches every year on women's rights for 45 years
Major: American English American English is a set of dialects of the English language used mostly in the United States. Approximately two thirds of native speakers of English live in the United States. Others: Spanish Countries where Spanish has official status. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 25% or more of the population. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 10-20% of the population. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 5-9.9% of the population · German German (Deutsch, [ˈdɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language, thus related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. It is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. Globally, German is spoken by approximately 120 million native speakers and also by about 80 million non-native speakers · Italian Italian ( italiano , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken as a native language by about 62 million people in Italy, San Marino and parts of Switzerland, Croatia, Slovenia and France. It is spoken as a first language by many Italian citizens and immigrants abroad, for a total of approximately 70 million native speakers. In addition, it · Arabic Arabic (العربية al-ʿarabīyah, ( Arabic pronunciation ) or عربي ʿarabi) is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages such as Hebrew and the Neo-Aramaic languages. Arabic has more speakers than any other language in the Semitic language family. It is spoken by more than 280 million · French French is a Romance language spoken as a first language by about 136 million people worldwide. Around 190 million people speak French as a second language, and an additional 200 million speak it as an acquired foreign language. French speaking communities are present in 57 countries and territories. Most native speakers of the language live in · Swedish Swedish ( svenska ) is a North Germanic language, spoken by approximately 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the coast and on the Åland islands. It is to a considerable extent mutually intelligible with Norwegian and to a lesser extent with Danish (see especially "Classification"). Along · Russian Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of three living members of the East Slavic languages. Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th · Bosnian Bosnian is a standardized form of the Shtokavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian used as one of three official languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The same subdialect of Shtokavian is also the basis of standard Croatian, Serbian, and Montenegrin, so all are mutually intelligible. Up until the dissolution of former SFR Yugoslavia, they were treated as a · Romanian Romanian (or Daco-Romanian; obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; self-designation: română, limba română [ˈlimba roˈmɨnə] ("the Romanian language") or româneşte (lit. "in Romanian") is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova. It has official status in Romania, · Ukrainian Ukrainian is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the official state language of Ukraine. Written Ukrainian uses the Cyrillic alphabet · Croatian · Serbian · Albanian Albanian is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 7.6 million people, primarily in Albania and Kosovo but also in other areas of the Balkans in which there is an Albanian population, including western Macedonia, Montenegro, southern Serbia and north-western Greece. Albanian is also spoken by native enclaves in Greece, along the eastern coast · Polish Polish is a West Slavic language and the official language of Poland. Its written standard is the Polish alphabet which corresponds basically to the Latin alphabet with a few additions. Polish-speakers use the language in a uniform manner throughout most of Poland · Czech Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers; it is the majority language in the Czech Republic and spoken by Czechs worldwide. The language was known as Bohemian until the late 19th century in English. Czech is similar to and mutually intelligible with Slovak and, to a lesser extent, to Polish and Sorbian · Dutch Dutch ( Nederlands ) is a West Germanic language spoken by over 22 million people as a native language and over 5 million people as a second language. Most native speakers live in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Suriname, with smaller groups of speakers in parts of France, Germany and several former Dutch colonies. It is closely related to other · Persian Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is widely spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and to some extent in Iraq, Bahrain, and Oman. New Persian, which usually is called also by the names of Farsi, Parsi, Dari or Parsi-ye-Dari (Dari Persian), can be classified linguistically · Greek Modern Greek refers to the varieties of Greek spoken in the modern era. The beginning of the "modern" period of the language is often symbolically assigned to the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, even though that date marks no clear linguistic boundary and many characteristic modern features of the language had been present · Kabyle · Macedonian Macedonian (македонски јазик, pronounced [maˈkɛdɔnski ˈjazik] ) is the official language of the Republic of Macedonia and a member of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Standard Macedonian was implemented as the official language of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia in June 1945 after being codified in the 1940s and 1 · Hungarian Hungarian (magyar nyelv listen ) is a Uralic language, more specifically a Finno-Ugric language distantly related to Finnish, Estonian and a number of other minority languages spoken in the Baltic states and northern European Russia eastward into central Siberia. Finno-Ugric languages are not related to the Indo-european languages that dominate · Bulgarian Bulgarian is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group · Turkish Turkish (Türkçe IPA [ˈt̪yɾktʃe] ) is spoken as a first language by over 77 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Cyprus, with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania and other parts of Eastern · Armenian The Armenian language is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian people. It is the official language of the Republic of Armenia as well as in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. The language is also widely spoken by Armenian communities in the Armenian diaspora. It has its own script, the Armenian alphabet · Yiddish Yiddish is a High German language of Ashkenazi Jewish origin, spoken throughout the world. It developed as a fusion of German dialects with Hebrew, Aramaic, Slavic languages and traces of Romance languages. It is written in the Hebrew alphabet · other languages
Predominantly Protestantism Protestantism is one of the four major divisions within Christianity together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and the Roman Catholic Church. The term is most closely tied to those groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation; Roman Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with more than a billion members. The Church's leader is the Pope who holds supreme authority in concert with the College of Bishops of which he is the head. A communion of the Western church and 22 autonomous Eastern Catholic churches (called is the largest single denomination; Significantly: agnosticism Agnosticism is the view that the truth value of certain claims—especially claims about the existence or non-existence of any deity, but also other religious and metaphysical claims—is unknown or unknowable. Agnosticism can be defined in various ways, and is sometimes used to indicate doubt or a skeptical approach to questions. In some senses,, atheism Atheism, in a broad sense, is the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Most inclusively, atheism is simply the absence of belief that any deities exist. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which in its most general form is the belief that at least one, Mormonism Mormonism comprises the religious, institutional, and cultural elements of the most populous branch of the Latter Day Saint movement. This movement was founded by Joseph Smith, Jr., in the 1830s and 1840s, and Mormonism represents the branch of that movement led by Brigham Young after Smith's death. This was sometimes called the "Brighamite&, Judaism Judaism is the "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people. Judaism, originating in the Hebrew Bible and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, is considered by Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel. According to traditional Rabbinic Judaism, God revealed, Islam Islam (Arabic: الإسلام al-’islām, pronounced [ʔislæːm] [note 1]) is the monotheistic religion articulated by the Qur’an, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of their one, incomparable God (Arabic: الله, Allāh), and by the Prophet of Islam Muhammad's teachings and normative example (in Arabic called
Europeans The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. European ethnology is the field of anthropology focusing on Europe, White Latin Americans White Latin Americans are the white population of Latin America. They are the descendants of 15th–19th century colonial-era settlers and of post-independence immigrants who came principally in the late decades of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries. The original settlers were mostly Spanish and Portuguese. The millions of, White Canadians
White American (often used interchangeably with "Caucasian American"[6] and, within the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language, simply "white White people is a term which usually refers to human beings characterized, at least in part, by the light pigmentation of their skin. Rather than a straightforward description of skin color, the term white also functions as a color term for race, often referring narrowly to people claiming ancestry exclusively from Europe"[7]) is an umbrella term An umbrella term is a word that provides a superset or grouping of related concepts, also called a hypernym officially employed by some U.S. government agencies, per standards issued by the Office of Management and Budget The Office of Management and Budget is a Cabinet-level office, and is the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP), for the classification of United States citizens or resident aliens "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa".[8][9] Like all U.S. racial categories, White American has a "Not Hispanic or Latino" and a "Hispanic or Latino" component,[8] the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans.
German Americans (16.5%), Irish Americans (11.9%), English Americans (9.0%), Italian Americans (5.8%), Polish Americans (3.3%), French Americans (3.1%), Scottish Americans (1.9%), Dutch Americans (1.6%), Norwegian Americans (1.5%), Swedish Americans (1.4%), Scotch-Irish Americans (1.2%), Russian Americans (1.0%), and Welsh Americans (0.7%) make up more than half of the White population.[10] Whites constitute the majority, with 80% (66% non-Hispanic Whites and nearly all 14% of Hispanic)[4] or[3] 75% (65.4% non-Hispanic and 9.6% Hispanic)[5] of the U.S. population.
Contents |
Historical and present definitions
Main article: Definitions of whiteness in the United StatesCurrent U.S. Census definition
Today, the term "white American" can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the United States Census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the social dimensions of race are more complex than Census criteria. The term "White ethnic" is used to group White Americans who are of southern and eastern European ancestry. The 2000 U.S. census states that racial categories "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria."[11] The Census question on race lists the categories White, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Asian, plus "Some other race", with the respondent having the ability to mark more than one category. The government defines White people as "people having origins in any of the original people of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.[12] In U.S. census documents, the designation white overlaps, as do all other official racial categories, with the term Hispanic or Latino, which was introduced in the 1980 census as a category of ethnicity, separate and independent of race.[13][14] Hispanic and Latino Americans make up a racially diverse group, and as a whole are the largest minority in the country.[4][5]
The countries from which White Americans claim their ancestryMany Arab and other Middle Eastern Americans and North African Americans, as well as non-European Jewish Americans, conflate race and geographic/national origin.[citation needed] In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the U.S. census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value. Additionally, people who reported Muslim (or a sect of Islam such as Shi'ite or Sunni), Jewish, Zoroastrian, or Caucasian as their "race" in the "Some other race" section, without noting a country of origin, are automatically tallied as white.[15] The US Census considers the write-in response of "Caucasian" or "Aryan" to be a synonym for white in their ancestry code listing.[16]
Social definition
President Abraham Lincoln was a descendant of 17th century English and Welsh immigrants.According to race scholars such as Karen Brodkin, in the United States, essentially anyone of European descent is considered white and Jews are also considered white.[17] However, while the census asserts that "race" and "ethnicity" are separate, some Hispanics of primarily European descent may not consider themselves white and may not be considered white by others, possibly because of the long-held stereotype of Hispanics being given a non-white racial value.[18][19][20] Likewise, while people of Middle Eastern and North African descent are included in the white category in the census, studies have found that Arab American teenagers may sometimes construct identities that distinguish them from "white society".[21]
Some American white people, mainly those of distant descent from multiple European countries, tend to see themselves as belonging to no ethnic group at all, but just "American."
Romualdo Pacheco, 12th governor of California, a White American of Spanish-Mexican descent.[22]The cultural boundaries separating white Americans from other racial or ethnic categories have changed significantly over the course of American history. Even among Europeans, those not considered white at some time in American history are the Ashkenazi Jews, Italians, Slavs, Greeks, and other European people. Early on in the U.S., white generally referred to those of British Isles or northwestern European descent.[23] David R. Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.[24] The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship.[25] In the early 20th century, it became common for white supremacists to promote the features of the blond, blue-eyed Nordic race as the "master race", deeming southern and eastern Europeans as inferior races that they called Mediterranean race and East Baltic race, respectively. The US government accepted such thinking, and enacted quota systems that favored immigration of from Britain, Ireland and Germany, and limited the arrival of immigrants from Poland, Russia and Italy.
Position within society
Baroness Micaela Almonester de Pontalba was a wealthy, New Orleans-born businesswoman of aristocratic Spanish and French ancestryAs whites are the dominant racial and cultural group, according to sociologist Steven Seidman, writing about the most prominent perspective among researchers, "White culture constitutes the general cultural mainstream, causing non-White culture to be seen as deviant, in either a positive or negative manner. Moreover, Whites tend to be disproportionately represented in powerful positions, controlling almost all political, economic, and cultural institutions." Yet, according to Seidman, Whites are most commonly unaware of their "privilege" and the manner in which their culture has always been dominant in the US, as they do not identify as members of a specific racial group but rather incorrectly perceive their views and culture as "raceless", when in fact it is ethno-national (ethnic/cultural) specific, with a racial base component.[26]
Demographic information
Main article: United States Census, 2000| White Americans 1790–2000 [27][28] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Population | % of the U.S | Year | Population | % of the U.S |
| 1790 | 3,172,006 | 80.7 | 1900 | 66,809,196 | 87.9 |
| 1800 | 4,306,446 | 81.1 | 1910 | 81,731,957 | 88.9 |
| 1810 | 5,862,073 | 81.0 | 1920 | 94,820,915 | 89.7 |
| 1820 | 7,866,797 | 81.6 | 1930 | 110,286,740 | 89.8 (highest) |
| 1830 | 10,532,060 | 81.9 | 1940 | 118,214,870 | 89.8 (highest) |
| 1840 | 14,189,705 | 83.2 | 1950 | 134,942,028 | 89.5 |
| 1850 | 19,553,068 | 84.3 | 1960 | 158,831,732 | 88.6 |
| 1860 | 26,922,537 | 85.6 | 1970 | 177,748,975 | 87.5 |
| 1870 | 33,589,377 | 87.1 | 1980 | 188,371,622 | 83.1 |
| 1880 | 43,402,970 | 86.5 | 1990 | 199,686,070 | 80.3 |
| 1890 | 55,101,258 | 87.5 | 2000 | 211,460,626 | 75.1 [29] (lowest) |
Whites (non-Hispanic and Hispanic) made up 79.8% or 75% of the American population in 2008.[1][2][4][5] This latter number is sometimes recorded as 77.1% when it includes about 2% of the population who self-identified as "white" in combination with one or more other races. The largest ethnic groups (by ancestry) among white Americans were Germans, followed by the Irish and the English. White Americans (again, non-Hispanic and Hispanic Whites) are projected to remain the majority, though with their percentage decreasing to 73% of the total population by 2050. However, the projections are that the non-Hispanic White population will become less than 50% of the population by 2042, in part because Non-Hispanic Whites have the lowest fertility rate of any major racial group in the United States.[30]
While over ten million white people can trace part of their ancestry back to the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower in 1620 (this common statistic overlooks the Jamestown, Virginia foundations of America and roots of even earlier colonist-descended Americans, such as Spanish Americans in St. Augustine, Florida), over 35 million whites have at least one ancestor who passed through the Ellis Island immigration station, which processed arriving immigrants from 1892 until 1954. See also: European Americans.
Geographic distribution
White Americans as percent of population, Census 2000.According to the Census definition, white Americans are the majority racial group in almost all of the United States. They are not the majority in Hawaii, many American Indian reservations, parts of the South known as the Black Belt, and in many urban areas throughout the country.
Overall the highest concentration of those referred to as "White alone" by the Census Bureau was found in the Midwest, New England, the Rocky Mountain states, Kentucky, and West Virginia. The lowest concentration of whites was found in southern and mid-Atlantic states.[31][32][12]
Although all large geographical areas are dominated by white Americans, much larger differences can be seen between specific parts of large cities.
States with the highest percentages of White Americans, as of 2007:[33]
- Vermont 96.2%
- Maine 95.5%
- New Hampshire 95.0%
- West Virginia 94.3%
- Iowa 92.9%
- Idaho 92.1%
- Wyoming 91.6%
- North Dakota 90.9%
Income and educational attainment
Main article: Affluence in the United States#Race Further information: Personal income in the United States and Household income in the United States personal and household income in the United States Census in 2005White Americans have the second highest median household income and personal income levels in the nation, by race. The median income per household member was also the highest, since White Americans had the smallest households of any racial demographic in the nation. In 2006, the median individual income of a White American age 25 or older was $33,030, with those who were full-time employed, and of age 25 to 64, earning $34,432. Since 42% of all households had two income earners, the median household income was considerably higher than the median personal income, which was $48,554 in 2005. Jewish Americans rank first in household income, personal income, and educational attainment among white Americans.[34] In 2005, white households had a median household income of $48,977, which is 10.3% above the national median of $44,389. Among Cuban Americans, with 86% classifying as White, those persons born in the US have a higher median income and educational attainment level than most other whites.[35]
The poverty rates for White Americans are the second-lowest of any racial group, with 10.8% of white individuals living below the poverty line, 3% lower than the national average.[36] However, due to Whites' majority status, 48% of Americans living in poverty are white.[37]
Whites' educational attainment is the second-highest in the country, after Asian Americans'. Overall, nearly one-third of White Americans had a Bachelor's degree, with the educational attainment for whites being higher for those born outside the United States: 37.6% of foreign born, and 29.7% of native born Whites had a college degree. Both figures are above the national average of 27.2%.[38]
Gender income inequality was the greatest among whites, with White men outearning white women by 48%. Census Bureau data for 2005 reveals that the median income of white females was lower than that of males of all races. In 2005, the median income for White females was only slightly higher than that of African American females, indicating that income inequities seem to run along gender lines more so than along racial lines.[39]
Culture
Actress Reese Witherspoon is allegedly of Scottish ancestryWhite American culture derived its earliest influences from from English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers and is quantitatively the largest proportion of American culture. From their earliest presence in North America, White Americans have contributed literature, art, agricultural skills, foods, clothing styles, music, and language to American culture.
In the United States, the term "suburban culture" is considered a euphemism for White American culture and is sometimes used as a racially neutral alternative.citation needed
In his 1989 book, "Albion's Seed" (ISBN 0195069056), David Hackett Fischer asserts that four regional cultures of the U.S. derive from the immigration and settlement in America of four different groups from various parts of the British Isles. He asserts that the culture of each of these groups persisted, providing the basis for the modern United States.
According to Fischer, the foundation of American culture was formed from four mass migrations from four different regions of the British Isles by four different ethno-cultural groups during the 17th and 18th centuries. New England's formative period occurred between 1629 and 1640 when Puritans, mostly from East Anglia in England, settled there, thus forming the basis for the New England regional culture. The next mass migration was of southern English cavaliers and their Irish and Scottish domestic servants to the Chesapeake Bay region between 1640 and 1675. Their folkways formed the basis of the American Southern regional culture. Then, between 1675 and 1725, thousands of Irish, English and German Quakers, led by William Penn, settled the Deleware Valley. This resulted in the formation of the General American culture, although, according to Fischer, it is really just a regional culture, even if it does today encompass most of the U.S. from the mid-Atlantic states to the Pacific Coast. Finally, several hundred thousand Irish, Scottish and English settlers from the borderlands of Britain and Ireland migrated to Appalachia between 1717 and 1775. The establishment of their folkways there resulted in the Upland South regional culture, which has since spread west to West Texas and parts of the U.S. Southwest.
In his book, Fischer presents several interesting ideas. One is that the U.S. is not a country with one "general" culture and several "regional sub-cultures." According to Fischer, the U.S. just has four main "regional cultures," and understanding that helps one to understand many aspects of American history and modern-day American life. Also, Fischer asserts that it was not merely important where different settlers came from, but when. Various population groups all have their own distinct beliefs, fears, prejudices and hopes. According to Fischer, when different regional groups of settlers from Britain and Ireland came to the New World, those feelings and beliefs more or less froze in time in America, even if they eventually changed in their places of origin.
Ethnic white neighborhoods
The Irish Channel is an ethnic Irish neighborhood in New Orleans| This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be and removed. (October 2009) |
Many later European and Middle-Eastern immigrants, upon their arrival in the United States, felt isolated from the mainstream, English speaking, Protestant American society, due to language, religious, and cultural barriers. They overcame this disadvantage by quickly creating closely-knit neighborhoods of members of their own ethnic groups. Such neighborhoods often grew into large, self-contained districts with their own churches and shops bearing signs in their own native languages. The most notable of these ethnic districts were New York's Little Italy, Hamtramck in Michigan, the Irish Channel in New Orleans, Little Canada in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. Various religious sects have developed insular communities, including the modern day Amish communities in Pennsylvania, as well as the Orthodox and Hasidic Jewish communities in Brooklyn's Borough Park, and Mormons in the entire state of Utah, Mesa, Arizona, Pocatello, Idaho and other cities.
Admixture
See also: Race and genetics Jennie Jerome, mother of Sir Winston Churchill was rumoured to have had an Iroquois Indian great-grandfather.Some whites have varying amounts of Native American ancestry; this admixture is claimed by white celebrities such as Chuck Norris, Cher, Megan Fox, Johnny Depp, and Jessica Biel. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill's mother (Jennie Jerome)[40] and singer Elvis Presley had partial Native American ancestry. There are also some white people who are or were descendants of Pocahontas, including First Ladies Edith Wilson and Nancy Reagan, astronomer Percival Lowell, as well as Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, the wife of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom.[41]
According to U.S. Census Bureau statistics from 1980, 1990, and 2000, one out of every three white Americans is descended from only one European nationality; one out of three is descended from two European nationalities, and one out of every three has three or more European nationalities in their family tree.[citation needed] A study by U.S. Census Bureau statisticians of the results of the 1980 Census concluded that approximately 62% of white Americans are either wholly or partly of English, Welsh, Irish, or Scottish ancestry.[citation needed] It was also determined that 86% of U.S. whites are of Northwestern European ancestry, and 14% are of Southern and Eastern European descent.[citation needed]
In a recent study, Gonçalves et al. 2007 reported Sub-Saharan and Amerindian mtDna lineages at a frequency of 3.1% (respectively 0.90% and 2.2%) in White Americans of European descent.[42] In another study, about 30% of all White Americans, approximately 66 million people, have a median of 2.3% of Black African admixture.[43]
See also
|
|||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ^ a b "Detailed Tables - American FactFinder; T3-2008. Race [7]". 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-state=dt&-context=dt&-ds_name=PEP_2008_EST&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=PEP_2008_EST_G2008_T003_2008&-tree_id=809&-redoLog=false&-currentselections=PEP_2006_EST_G2006_T004_2006&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=02000US1&-geo_id=02000US2&-geo_id=02000US3&-geo_id=02000US4&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- ^ a b U.S. Census Bureau; 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. Retrieved 2009-11-07
- ^ a b c The "Some other race" category, consisting of Hispanic or Latino respondents overwhelmingly, is a non-standard race. In official figures it is eliminated and most people in it reclassified as White, thus augmenting the number of Hispanic Whites and in turn of total Whites. See the reference for the larger figures.
- ^ a b c d e "T4-2008. Hispanic or Latino By Race [15]". 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-state=dt&-context=dt&-ds_name=PEP_2008_EST&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=PEP_2008_EST_G2008_T004_2008&-tree_id=809&-redoLog=false&-currentselections=PEP_2006_EST_G2006_T004_2006&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=02000US1&-geo_id=02000US2&-geo_id=02000US3&-geo_id=02000US4&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
- ^ a b c d e "B03002. HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G2000_B03002&-redoLog=true&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en&-SubjectID=15233308. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- ^ Lee, Sandra S. Mountain, Joanna. Barbara, Koening A. The Meanings of Race in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research. Yale University. 2001. Accessed October 26, 2006.
- ^ The United States Census Bureau, for example, uses "white" rather than "White American", but this is true of most races: "American Indian" and "African American" are the exceptions."Racial and Ethnic Classifications Used in Census 2000 and Beyond". http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/race/racefactcb.html. Retrieved 2006-10-05.
- ^ a b "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity". http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards/. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- ^ Definition of a White person in US and UK
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau, 2008
- ^ Questions and Answers for Census 2000 Data on Race from U.S. Census Bureau, 14 March 2001. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
- ^ a b "US Census Bureau, Whites in the 2000 Census". http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf. Retrieved 2006-10-05.
- ^ "American FactFinder Help". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_h.html#hispanic_or_latino_origin. Retrieved 2008-11-11. "Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race."
- ^ Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin 2000 U.S. Census Bureau
- ^ Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results. Race and Nationality Descriptions from the 2000 Census and Bureau of Vital Statistics. May 21, 2007
- ^ University of Michigan. Census 1990: Ancestry Codes. August 27, 2007
- ^ Karen Brodkin, How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America (New Brunswick NJ, 1998).
- ^ Table of Contents and Excerpt, Mindiola, Niemann, and Rodriguez, Black-Brown Relations and Stereotypes
- ^ davidberreby.com - Science, Scientists and the Nature of Knowledge
- ^ Online NewsHour: Completing the Count - March 23, 2000
- ^ Caliber - Sociological Perspectives - 47(4):371 - Abstract
- ^ http://www.californiagovernors.ca.gov/h/biography/governor_12.html
- ^ John Tehranian, "Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America," The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 109, No. 4. (Jan., 2000), pp. 825–827, 847.
- ^ Roediger, Wages of Whiteness, 186; Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (New York, 1998).
- ^ Sweet, Frank W. Legal History of the Color Line: The Notion of Invisible Blackness. Backintyme Publishers (2005), ISBN 0939479230.
- ^ Seidman, S. (2004). Critical Race Theory. In Contested Knowledge: Social Theory Today (pp. 231–243). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
- ^ Official census statistics of the United States race and Hispanic origin population
- ^ [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data Geographic Area: United States]
- ^ http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf
- ^ "United States Population Projections By Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 TO 2050" (Excel). United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/natprojtab01a.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
- ^ Brewer, Cynthia; Trudy Suchan (2001). Census 2000, The Geography of US Diversity. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press.
- ^ "Distribution of those identifying as White alone, by state, US Census Bureau". http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ThematicMapFramesetServlet?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-tm_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_M00627&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_MapEvent=displayBy&-_dBy=040. Retrieved 2006-10-05.
- ^ United States -- States; and Puerto Rico: Percent of the Total Population Who Are White Alone 2007
- ^ New Study Claims US Jews Have Reasons to Be Proud - News Briefs - Arutz Sheva
- ^ Pew Hispanic center
- ^ "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004" (PDF). http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf.
- ^ Rural Poverty: Myths and Realities
- ^ "US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003". http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
- ^ "US Census Bureau, Personal income forum, Age 25+, 2005". http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_000.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
- ^ Ralph G. Martin Jennie: The Life of Lady Randolph Churchill, The Romantic Years, pp.15-16
- ^ Ralph G. Martin, The Woman He Loved, pp. 9, 173
- ^ sample of 1387 American Caucasian individuals catalogued in the FBI mtDNA population database, Gonçalves et al. 2007, Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians
- ^ Afro-European Genetic Admixture in the United States, Frank Sweet
External links
- White Population 2000 from the US Census
Categories: American people of European descent | American people of Middle Eastern descent | Ethnic groups in the United States | Hispanic and Latino American people | European diaspora
|
New York Daily News
If you catch your toddler in a little white lie, relax. You may have a future banker on your hands, according to research reported in The ...
and more »
400px x 400px | 20.30kB
[source page]
Gentle Annie
Sun, 25 Jul 2010 18:47:00 GM
The U.S. government hates normal White people. There is no point at all in any . White American. being a conservative. You cannot bring the old America back by voting Republican. H.A. Covington speaks to conservatives mp3 ...
Q. I am from India and have a cousin, he has gone to the US for studying engineering. Recently he informed his parents that he admires American girls because of their smartness, independent thinking and everything else. His parents think that he has got some serious problem as they have the idea that white people do not like Indians. Do whites consider it very annoying if an Indian likes them? Thank you.
Asked by karan - Fri Oct 24 15:54:11 2008 - - 4 Answers - 0 Comments
A. We have no problem with Indians. Why does his mother think that white people hate Indians? We don't. No, we do not consider it annoying if an Indian likes us.
Answered by dirk_diggler - Fri Oct 24 16:01:12 2008
