Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States Higher education in the United States refers to a variety of institutions of higher education in the United States. Strong research and funding have helped make American colleges and universities among the world's most prestigious, which is particularly attractive to international students, professors and researchers in the pursuit of academic that were established before 1964 with the intention of serving the black Predominantly Protestant ; some Roman Catholics. Minorities practice Islam and other religions community.[1]

There are 105 historically black colleges and universities This list of Historically Black Colleges and Universities lists institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before 1964 with the intention of serving the black community (HBCU) in the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language today, including public and private, two-year and four-year institutions, medical schools and community colleges.[2] All are or were in the former slave states and territories of the U.S. except for Central State University (Ohio), Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, Lewis College of Business (Detroit, Michigan), Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), Wilberforce University (Ohio), and now-defunct Western University (Kansas). Some which operated for decades closed during the 20th century due to competition, the Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century, and is used and financial difficulties.

Contents

History

Most HBCUs were established after the American Civil War Union blockade – Eastern – Western – Lower Seaboard – Trans-Mississippi – Pacific Coast. However, Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, established in 1837, Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), established in 1854, and Wilberforce University, established in 1856, were established for blacks prior to the American Civil War.

The Higher Education Act of 1965 The Higher Education Act of 1965 (the "HEA") was legislation signed into United States law on November 8, 1965 as part of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society domestic agenda. Johnson chose Southwest Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos, Texas (known today as Texas State University) as the signing site. The law was intended “, as amended, defines a “part B institution” as: "...any historically black college or university that was established prior to 1964, whose principal mission was, and is, the education of black Americans, and that is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association determined by the Secretary [of Education] to be a reliable authority as to the quality of training offered or is, according to such an agency or association, making reasonable progress toward accreditation." [3][4] Part B of the 1965 Act provides for direct federal aid to Part B institutions.

In 1863, the Morrill Act For fifteen years prior to the first introduction of the bill in 1857, there was a political movement calling for the creation of agriculture colleges. The movement was led by Professor Jonathan Baldwin Turner of Illinois College. On February 8, 1853, the Illinois legislature adopted a resolution, drafted by Turner, calling for the Illinois provided for land grant colleges Land-grant universities are institutions of higher education in the United States designated by each state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 in each state. Some educational institutions in the North or West, were open to blacks since the Civil War. However, 17 Southern states generally excluded blacks from their land grant colleges. In response, the second Morrill Act of 1890 was passed to require states to establish a separate land grant college for blacks if blacks were being excluded from the then existing land grant college. Many of the HBCUs were founded in response to the Second Morrill Act. These land grant schools continue to receive annual federal funding for their research, extention and outreach activities. In 1965, the Higher Education Act of 1965 The Higher Education Act of 1965 (the "HEA") was legislation signed into United States law on November 8, 1965 as part of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society domestic agenda. Johnson chose Southwest Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos, Texas (known today as Texas State University) as the signing site. The law was intended “ established a program for direct federal grants to HBCUs, including federal matching of private endowment contributions. [5]

Other educational institutions currently have large numbers of blacks in their student body, but as they were founded (or opened their doors to African Americans) after the implementation of the Sweatt v. Painter and Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 , was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional. The decision overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States, and leads the federal judiciary. It consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices, who are nominated by the President and confirmed with the "advice and consent" of the Senate. Once appointed, Justices effectively (the court decisions which outlawed racial segregation Crime of apartheid · CERD · CEDAW · CDE · ILO C111 · ILO C100 · ILO C169 · Protocol No. 12 ECHR of public education facilities) and the Higher Education Act of 1965, they are not historically black colleges, but have been termed "predominantly black."

Current status

In 2004, the US Department of Education published a study of HBCUs that found that, as of 2001, HBCUs accounted for 13% of black higher education enrollment.[6]
In 2007, the Thurgood Marshall College Fund published a study of minority recruiting practices by Fortune 400 companies and by government agencies that found that 13% of the college graduates were recruited from HBCUs and 87% were recruited from non-HBCU schools.[7]
The 2009 "Stimulus Bill" would include more than $1.3 billion for HBCU campuses.[8]

Of the 105 HBCU institutions in America today, 27 offer doctoral programs and 52 provide graduate degree programs at the Master's level. At the undergraduate level, 83 of the HBCUs offer a Bachelor's degree program and 38 of these schools offer associate degrees.[9]

The portion of Bachelor degrees awarded to black students by HBCUs has steadily dropped from 35% in 1976 to 21.5% in 2001.[10] From 1976 to 2001, total HBCU enrollment grew from 180,059 to 222,453, with most of this increase being attributable to the growth of female black enrollment from 88,379 to 117,766.[11]

In 1975, Jake Ayers Sr. filed a lawsuit against Mississippi Mississippi is bordered on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by Louisiana and a narrow coast on the Gulf of Mexico and on the west, across the Mississippi River, by Louisiana and Arkansas for giving more financial support to its predominantly white public colleges. The state settled the lawsuit in 2002 and agreed to direct $503 million to three historically black colleges, collectively, over 17 years.[12]

Following the enactment of Civil Rights laws The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public ("public accommodations") in the 1960s, all educational institutions that receive federal funding have undertaken affirmative action Affirmative action refers to policies that take factors including "race, color, religion, sex or national origin" into consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group, usually as a means to counter the effects of a history of discrimination. The focus of such policies ranges from employment and education to public contracting to increase their racial diversity. Some historically black colleges now have non-black majorities, notably West Virginia State University and Bluefield State College whose student body has been roughly 90% white 2nd row: Ben Franklin · Amelia Earhart · John F. Kennedy · Elizabeth Kortright Monroe · Samuel Alito since the mid-1960s. Many non-state-supported HBCUs are struggling financially, due to the increased cost of delivering private education to students and declining financial aid for students.[13] As colleges work harder to maintain enrollment levels, the percentage of non-African American enrollment has tended to climb. The following table highlights HBCUs with high non-African American enrollments:

Racial diversity in HBCUs[14]
College name Percent African American
Bluefield State College 12.77% for 2009–10 school year[15]
Fayetteville State University Fayetteville State University is a historically black, regional university located in Fayetteville, North Carolina. FSU is a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina System and is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund 72.1%
Elizabeth City State University Elizabeth City State University is a public, historically black college located in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, in the United States. ECSU enrolls nearly 2,500 students in 37 baccalaureate programs and three masters degree programs, a member school of the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund, as well as a member-institution of the University of 79.7% for 2009–10 school year

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities". 2008-04-11. http://www.ed.gov/about/inits/list/whhbcu/edlite-index.html. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
  2. ^ "List of HBCUs". White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. United States Department of Education. 2007-08-17. http://www.ed.gov/about/inits/list/whhbcu/edlite-list.html. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
  3. ^ "HBCUs: A National Resource". White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. 2008-01-15. http://www.ed.gov/about/inits/list/whhbcu/edlite-index.html. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
  4. ^ 20 U.S.C. § 1061.
  5. ^ 20 U.S.C. § 1062.
  6. ^ "Historically Black Colleges and Universities,1976 to 2001". Dept. of Education. September 2004. p. 2. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/2004062.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
  7. ^ "How Corporations and Government Recruit Talent From Historically Black Colleges and Universities". Thurgood Marshall College Fund. 2007. http://www.thurgoodmarshallfund.net/v1/images/pdf/hbcurecruitmentstudy.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-24.
  8. ^ "Recession hits black colleges hard"]. Reuters. 2009-1-15. http://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE51F00B20090216.
  9. ^ http://www.american-school-search.com/colleges/hbcu
  10. ^ "Historically Black Colleges and Universities,1976 to 2001". Dept. of Education. September 2004. p. 4. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/2004062.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
  11. ^ "Historically Black Colleges and Universities,1976 to 2001". Dept. of Education. September 2004. p. 31. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/2004062.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
  12. ^ "Opposition strong to Barbour’s plan to merge Mississippi’s 3 black universities into 1". Associated Press. November 19, 2009. http://blog.taragana.com/politics/2009/11/19/opposition-strong-to-barbours-plan-to-merge-mississippis-3-black-universities-into-1-795/. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
  13. ^ Endo, Sandra (August 12, 2009). "Black colleges struggling". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/business/2009/08/12/endo.black.colleges.struggle.cnn. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
  14. ^ http://HBCUConnect.com/cgi-bin/blog.cgi?blog_id=163918&cid=1
  15. ^ Pastel, Ralph (October 15, 2009). "STUDENT PROFILE ANALYSIS FALL 2009 CENSUS". BLUEFIELD STATE COLLEGE. p. 2. http://www.bluefieldstate.edu/IRE/Documents/Fall%202009%20Student%20Census%20Profile.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-21.

Further reading

External links

Historically black colleges and universities
Public institutions

Alabama A&M · Alabama State · Albany State · Alcorn State Alcorn State University, located near Lorman, Mississippi, United States, is a public land grant university. It was founded in 1871 as the nation's first state-supported higher education institution for African American students. Alcorn State University is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund. Coordinates: 31°52′37″N 91°0 · Arkansas-Pine Bluff The University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff is a historically black university located in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Founded in 1873, it is the oldest HBCU and the second oldest public institution in the state in Arkansas (after the University of Arkansas). UAPB is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund · Bluefield State · Bowie State Bowie State University , is a public university located on 355½ acres (1.4 km²) in unincorporated Prince George's County, Maryland, United States, north of the suburban city of Bowie. Bowie State is part of the University System of Maryland. Bowie State is Maryland's oldest historically black university and one of the ten oldest in the country · Central State · Cheyney · Coahoma CC · Coppin State Coppin State University is a historically black college located in Baltimore, Maryland. It is part of the University System of Maryland. Coordinates: 39°18′37″N 76°39′31″W / 39.31028°N 76.65861°W · Delaware State · Elizabeth City State Elizabeth City State University is a public, historically black college located in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, in the United States. ECSU enrolls nearly 2,500 students in 37 baccalaureate programs and three masters degree programs, a member school of the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund, as well as a member-institution of the University of · Fayetteville State Fayetteville State University is a historically black, regional university located in Fayetteville, North Carolina. FSU is a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina System and is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund · Florida A&M · Fort Valley State · Gadsden State CC · Grambling State · Harris-Stowe · Hinds CC · Jackson State · Kentucky State · Langston Langston University is an institution of higher learning located in Langston, Oklahoma, USA. It is the only historically black college in the state, and the westernmost historically black college in the United States. Though located in a rural setting just 10 miles east of Guthrie, Langston also serves an urban mission with University Centers in · Lincoln, Missouri · Lincoln, Pennsylvania · Maryland, Eastern Shore University of Maryland Eastern Shore, located on 776 acres in Princess Anne, Maryland, is part of the University System of Maryland. UMES is a historically black university, as well as an 1890 Historically Black Land-Grant University · Mississippi Valley State Mississippi Valley State University is a historically black university located in Itta Bena, Mississippi, in the United States. MVSU is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund · Morgan State Morgan State University, formerly Centenary Biblical Institute , Morgan College (1890–1938) Morgan State College (1938–1975), is located in residential Baltimore, Maryland. Morgan is a historically black college and Maryland's designated public urban university. As Maryland's "public urban university," Morgan is committed to · Norfolk State · North Carolina A&T State North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University a land-grant university located in Greensboro, North Carolina, United States. It is the largest publicly funded historically black college (HBCU) in the state of North Carolina · North Carolina Central North Carolina Central University is a comprehensive university offering programs at the baccalaureate, master’s, professional and selected doctoral levels. It is the nation’s first public liberal arts institution founded for African-Americans.[citation needed] · Prairie View A&M · Savannah State · Shelton State CC · South Carolina State · Southern · Southern-New Orleans · Southern-Shreveport · Tennessee State Tennessee State University is a land-grant university located in Nashville, Tennessee. TSU is the only state-funded historically black university in Tennessee. TSU has approximately 10,389 students with a student/faculty ratio of 24/1.[citation needed] · Texas Southern · UDC · UVI · Virginia State Virginia State University is a historically black and land-grant university located in Petersburg, Virginia, in the Richmond area. Founded on March 6, 1882), Virginia State was the United States's first fully state-supported four-year institution of higher learning for black Americans. The university is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall · West Virginia State · Winston-Salem State Winston-Salem State University is a historically black public research university located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. It is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund. Winston-Salem State has been ranked #27 by U.S. News & World Report in the Baccalaureate Colleges of the South category
Private institutions

Allen · Arkansas Baptist Arkansas Baptist College is a private, historically black liberal arts college located in Little Rock, Arkansas. Founded in 1884 as The Minister's Institute, ABC was initially funded by The Colored Baptists of the State of Arkansas, and is the only Baptist HBCU west of the Mississippi River · Barber-Scotia Barber–Scotia College is a historically black college located in Concord, North Carolina, United States · Benedict · Bennett · Bethune-Cookman Bethune-Cookman University or B-CU is a private historically black university in Daytona Beach, Florida · Claflin · Clark Atlanta · Concordia, Selma · Dillard Dillard University is a private, historically black liberal arts college in New Orleans, Louisiana. Founded in 1869, it is affiliated with the United Church of Christ and the United Methodist Church · Edward Waters Edward Waters College is a private college located in Jacksonville, Florida. It was founded in 1866 to educate freed former slaves and is the oldest black college in Florida · Fisk Fisk University is a historically black university founded in 1866 in Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. The world-famous Fisk Jubilee Singers started as a group of students who performed to earn enough money to save the school at a critical time of financial shortages. They toured to raise funds to build the first building for the education of freedmen · Florida Memorial · Hampton Hampton University is a historically black university located in Hampton, Virginia, United States · Howard Howard University is a federally chartered, non-profit, private, coeducational, nonsectarian, historically black university located in Washington, D.C., United States · Huston-Tillotson Huston-Tillotson University is a historically black university in Austin, Texas, United States. The school is affiliated with the United Methodist Church, the United Church of Christ, and the United Negro College Fund · Interdenominational Theological Center · Jarvis Christian · Johnson C. Smith · Knoxville · Lane · LeMoyne-Owen · Lewis College of Business · Livingstone · Meharry · Miles · Morehouse · Morehouse School of Medicine · Morris Brown Morris Brown College is a four-year, private, coed, liberal arts college located in the Vine City Community of Atlanta, Georgia. It is a historically black college, affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Morris Brown College was a member of the Atlanta University Center until it lost its accreditation and federal funding in 2002 · Morris · Oakwood · Paine · Paul Quinn · Philander Smith · Rust Rust College is a historically black liberal arts college located in Holly Springs, Mississippi. Located approximately 35 miles southeast of Memphis, Tennessee, it is the second-oldest private college in the state and is affiliated with the United Methodist Church and one of only ten historically black colleges and universities founded before 1868 · Saint Paul's · Selma · Shaw · Southwestern Christian · Spelman Spelman College is a four-year liberal arts women's college located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The college is part of the Atlanta University Center academic consortium in Atlanta. Founded in 1881 as the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary, Spelman was the first historically black female institution of higher education to receive its · Stillman · St. Augustine's · Talladega · Texas College · Tougaloo Tougaloo College is a private, co-educational, liberal arts institution of higher education founded in 1869, in Madison County, on the northern edge of Jackson, Mississippi, USA · Tuskegee Tuskegee University is a private, historically black university located in Tuskegee, Alabama, United States. It is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund. The campus forms the Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site, a National Historic Landmark · Virginia Union · Virginia University · Voorhees · Wilberforce · Wiley · Xavier (Louisiana)
Defunct insitutions

Bishop Bishop College was a historically black college, founded in Marshall, Texas, and later moved to Dallas, Texas, that operated from 1881 to 1988 · Guadalupe · Mount Hermon Female Seminary · Storer · Straight

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